Presentation on paper making for preschoolers. Research project "how to make paper at home manually"
Paper is a material for writing, printing, drawing, packaging, hygiene needs, etc. Paper is usually made in the form of sheets or rolls. The raw material is cellulose, which in turn is obtained from plant material or recyclable materials (rags, waste paper).
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The logs are brought to the factory.
Paper is made from cellulose.
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How to make Radzin paper R.G 344z2
The first writing sheets were made from papyrus. Papyros is a giant perennial herbaceous plant up to 5 m high and its stems up to 7 cm in diameter.
Then they began to use a special type of nettle to make paper - hemp nettle
A search was underway for new material. And he was found. Wood began to be used as a raw material.
Paper is produced at a pulp and paper mill.
The logs are brought to the factory.
From the logs, chips are obtained - small chips. It is boiled in a special solution.
Cellulose is then obtained from the wood chips.
Paper is made from cellulose.
They roll up huge rolls of paper.
Large sheets of paper are cut into small sheets on machines.
But how does a huge tree make a beautiful notebook, book or stack of white sheets? Let's figure this out together.
How paper is made
Paper is produced in paper mills. Logs are brought from the forest to the factory. The most commonly used are pine, spruce, birch, as well as eucalyptus, poplar, and chestnut.
On a special platform, the bark is stripped from the logs and crushed into chips. The fragments are then transported on a conveyor belt to a pulp mill, where they are boiled in a special solution. The result is cellulose, the main raw material for paper production.
Interesting! One tree produces 2857 notebooks of 12 pages. It takes 60 years to grow a mature tree. That is why it is important to use textbooks and notebooks carefully, because all of these are cut down trees.
The most economical way to obtain wood pulp is mechanical. The wood processing plant grinds the timber into crumbs and mixes it with water. This is how low-quality paper is made - for example, for newspapers.
But for the production of high-quality paper - for magazines, books and brochures - they use chemical method. Using sieves, the fragments are sorted by size. Next, the chopped wood with the addition of acid is boiled in special machines.
The cellulose then passes through filters and is washed to remove impurities. At this stage, waste paper can be added to the raw material, but it must first be cleared of ink.
The next step is adding adhesives and resins. The first ones repel moisture, the second ones prevent the spreading of ink, which is often made using water based. It is thanks to these processes that what is written in your notebook does not smudge and is easy to read. Printing paper does not require such sizing, because printing inks are not water-based.
But that's not all. Then pigments and dyes are added to the paper raw material. For example, White color paper is obtained by adding kaolin.
After this, the paper pulp enters the paper machine onto a conveyor belt. Here, with the help of tiny porous holes and pressing with various rollers, moisture is removed from the paper and a continuous roll of tape is formed.
At the “wet pressing” stage, the paper is finally dried, dehydrated and compacted. The result is a smooth white tape wound onto a huge roll. The paper is ready! Can be sent to book factories. There, the paper web is cut to create books and notebooks.
You can learn all the intricacies of paper production from the video.
How are books made?
So, after the author writes the text and the editor of the publishing house approves it, the proofreading process. The work is checked for errors. Ideally, the proofreading team reads the text several times. After this, illustrations are selected for the book.
Then it begins layout. Using a special computer program, the layout designer selects the book format, margin size, types and sizes of fonts, and determines the location of illustrations and text.
The next stage is called color separation. Did you know that to print a fashion magazine cover you only need four colors: blue, pink, yellow and black? Therefore, now the designer must divide all illustrations into four components.
The most important stage is book printing. Using rollers on a printing machine, the ink is rolled out to a thin layer, fed onto a printing plate, which rotates and applies the image to a continuous roll of paper.
Interesting! Printing house workers can print several thousand sheets in one shift.
It is difficult to imagine any book without a cover. Therefore, the next stage is creating the “face” of the future book. If the cover is ready, it is placed on the book block and trimmed. If a hard cover is being made, the book is trimmed before the cover is glued on.
That's all - the book is ready to delight the eyes of admiring buyers, all that remains is to pack it. You can see with your own eyes how books are made in the next video.
What were books and paper made of in ancient times?
Once upon a time there were no books in the form in which you see them on store windows or in libraries today. And all because people did not know how to make them. Instead of paper, humanity used cave walls, stones, dishes, tree bark…
Years passed and people came up with the idea of making records on wet clay. However, such books were too heavy, inconvenient and short-lived.
After some time, the heavy clay cloth was replaced calf or goat books skins are light and practical. Since the first such book was created in the ancient city of Pergamum, the “paper” made from animal skin was called parchment.
However, such material was too expensive, because to create one book, it was necessary to slaughter many calves. So people kept looking for cheaper and easier ways to create books. And they succeeded.
Along the rivers of Africa there grows a tall marsh plant - papyrus. People did not immediately realize its amazing properties. At first, the plant was used in the construction of houses. But one day a man was repairing his house. I cut the stem, took out the fibrous center and put it in the sun. Imagine the man’s surprise when he noticed that the fibers had turned into dry, narrow ribbons. And when he saw that papyrus also absorbs paint well, he realized: you can write on papyrus! This is how books made from papyrus appeared.
But who and when invented paper as we see it now? Researchers assure: the palm belongs to the Chinese. They came up with the idea of producing paper from young bamboo shoots.
Interesting! ...And before that time, the Chinese wrote on silk or bamboo tablets. The Chinese jealously guarded the mystery of silk production. However, silk was very expensive, which means-inaccessible to the majority of the population, and bamboo- too heavy. Only 30 hieroglyphs were placed on one board. Information has been preserved: in order to transport some works, the Chinese needed a whole cart.
Chinese chronicles report that invented paper in 105 AD. e. Tsai Lun.
“Everyone highly appreciates the work of Tsai Lung: he invented paper, and his glory lives on to this day...”- says the chronicle.
The 4th century was a turning point in the history of paper making. After the technology of its production was improved, paper replaced bamboo planks forever. New experiments have proven that paper can be produced from cheap plant materials: tree bark, reed, bamboo. The Chinese were especially happy about the latter: bamboo is a dime a dozen in their country.
No matter how hard the Chinese tried to keep the secret of paper production, they failed. In 751, during the fight against the Arabs, several Chinese craftsmen were captured. From them Arabs They learned the secret of creating a mysterious product and for five centuries they profitably sold it to Europe.
Oddly enough, but Europeans were the last of the civilized peoples to learn how to make paper - somewhere in the 11th-12th centuries. The Spaniards were the first to borrow paper production technology, then the Italians, Germans, English... It’s interesting that for a long time paper was made not only from soaked tree fibers, but also from rags and other rags.
The first industrial paper production machine was invented in France in 1798.
On the territoryand Ukrainian lands Paper production began in the 13th century in Galich. However, documented information about Ukrainian paper “factories” has been preserved since the 16th century. Researchers of the history of the Ukrainian paper industry have found materials about 200 “factories” that operated on the territory of Ukraine from the 16th to the beginning of the 20th century, which indicates the high cultural level of the then population.
Radomysl Castle in Radomysl, ZhitomirShchyna is the first paper mill in Central Ukraine, built in 1612.
Now paper surrounds us everywhere, conquering more and more new areas of application every year. That is why it is so important to remember that it is made from trees - forest resources that are catastrophically decreasing every year on the planet.
Treat books with care, use paper sparingly, recycle waste paper, plant trees - the least that everyone can do to preserve forests. And one inventive boy, in order to preserve forest plantations, even refused to write an essay. =)
Olga Kulbaeva
Lesson notes + presentation “Where the paper came from”
Program content:
Give children knowledge of how to do it paper: paper is made from trees, trees grow for a very long time, it takes a long time to make paper the labor of many people is expended.
Material: objects made from wood. Different kinds paper.
Move classes. The teacher draws the children's attention to the objects on his table.
Name the objects that are on my table. (Children list items)
All subjects are different, but tell me what unites them all? What do all these items have in common? (If the children find it difficult, the teacher asks them to say what material all the objects are made of.)
Yes, all these items are made of wood. But why does it lie among the wooden objects? paper? This is what you will learn about today.
Today I want to tell you about where did the paper come from?. You will find out what path you have taken paper before becoming what you see.
So why do we say that paper is made from wood? Certainly, paper do not grow on trees, and yet the life of any leaf paper begins in the forest. From tree to paper long way.
Early in the morning, lumberjacks walk into the forest. There is a section of taiga behind the ravine where trees have been marked with an axe. They need to be cut down. A chainsaw buzzes in the skillful hands of a lumberjack (saw with a gasoline engine) and one by one the trees fall to the ground.
Along the forest road, tractors are rushing to the aid of a lumberjack. They cut off the branches, tie them tightly and tie the trunks together with iron ropes. The forest all-terrain vehicle will shudder and puff and pull its heavy load towards the river.
Blue road. The river is the most spacious road for the forest. Like huge fish, logs float downstream along it. It seems as if the entire river is dammed with forest. Sometimes logs collide and cling to each other. They form congestions (a place on the river where a lot of logs gather and they do not pass further, and to prevent congestion, raftsmen vigilantly monitor the movement of the forest (workers who float timber down the river). They swim in motor boats to the site of the jam, use long hooks with sharp tips to push and disperse the interlocking logs. And so they again continue their journey along the wide blue road.
The blue road will lead the trunks to paper mill. Here the logs moved from workshop to workshop. The trees there are sawed, ground into sawdust and even boiled to obtain a mass similar to batter. It is kneaded and poured into molds. All this is done by machines. They pour, they roll out paper dough into long wide strips, and then from the strips it turns out paper. An endless ribbon creeps out paper out of the car and rolls into huge paper rolls. The paper is ready.
Have you found out how long the journey is? paper until it hits store shelves. Whose work goes into preparing each piece of paper? paper? What professions of people do you remember? (Lumberjacks, raftsmen).
Soon you will go to school and will read not only fairy tales and short stories, but also various textbooks, from which you will learn a lot of interesting things. You will not only draw, but also write. Never forget how many people worked so that you had books, notebooks, treat them with care.
Erofeev Dmitry
research project "how to make paper at home manually"
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MUNICIPAL BUDGET EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION
"SECONDARY SCHOOL c. WHITE LAKE
MUNICIPAL DISTRICT GAFURIYSKY DISTRICT RB"
How to make paper at home manually?
Executor:
Erofeev Dmitry
9 years
Supervisor:
Akbasheva
Olga Anatolyevna
year 2013
- Theoretical part. p.
1.1. Introduction………………………………………………………………………………3
1.2. History of paper…………………………………..3
1.3. Methods for making paper…………………….……5
- Practical part.
Making paper at home…………………............ 5
Conclusion…………………………………………………………….. 9
Sources used…………………………………………….10
Introduction
Hello! My name is Dima.
I study at school in the 3rd grade and I am surrounded everywhere by objects made of paper: books, textbooks, notebooks, notepads, albums, colored paper, cardboard and other items. And recently I watched a TV show that talked about paper and how it is produced. I wanted to know more about this.
Hypothesis: If you study the history and methods of creating paper, then paper can be made and used at home in everyday conditions.
Problem : Is it possible to make paper at home for further use?
Target: explore ways to create and use paper in modern conditions.
Object of study: paper.
Subject of study:ways to create and use paper.
Tasks:
Study the literature about paper, the history of paper creation, paper making methods, make paper at home
The history of paper.
Paper did not always exist. Once upon a time, a very long time ago, people did not know writing and did not know how to write. Primitive people made their drawings on the walls of caves and carved them on rocks.
Then people began to write on tablets of wet clay with sharpened sticks, and then on birch bark, later on papyrus, parchment, and only then (almost 2000 years ago) paper appeared.
The raw materials for making paper were mulberry and bamboo. The word “paper” comes from the word “bambigo” - the name given to paper made from bamboo.
For many centuries, paper was made by hand. After the invention of the first paper-making machine by the Frenchman Robert (1761-1828), the production of paper and cardboard made a sharp leap forward.
Paper began to be used not only for writing and printing books, for packaging goods, but also in construction, industry, agriculture, and electrical engineering.
Modern methods of paper making
Modern methods of making paper differ little from those used 2000 years ago.
Making paper at home
Did you know that you can make your own paper?
1. Tear the paper into small pieces and soak in water for 24 hours
2. Squeeze out excess water and transfer to a bowl. Add a little water, a teaspoon of PVA glue (to hold the paper together) and a tablespoon of starch (so that the sheet is elastic and can bend), beat with a mixer. The result should be a mixture similar to porridge.
3. Place the resulting mixture on a mesh and allow excess water to drain
- Now it's time for final drying.Place everything on a towel, put gauze or newspaper on top and leave under pressure for 24 hours. And ifWe want to get a thin sheet of paper, we need to lay out the mass in a thin and even layer.
- The result of this fun activity is very beautiful handmade paper.
6. For decoration in paper pulp You can add dry herbs, seasonings, colorful threads, leaves, flower petals, shells and beads.
7. Hand-made sheets can be used for design work: books, postcards, panels, paintings.
8. You can dry the paper pulp not on the screen, but on a cup or glass, and then you will get a decorative vase or bowl, pencil holder, or doll hat.
Conclusion:
1. Paper can be prepared at home.
2. It is advantageous to use household paper because... it is made from waste paper and does not require any money.
3. It is best to use this type of paper for design.
4. In addition, paper prepared at home is more environmentally friendly.
Sources used:
1. “Novaya Gazeta” No. 49 (492), 2005
2. Khoreva G. A. “Your alternative to nuclear power plants” Book 2 / Family Energy Passport / Ed. 2nd, revised and augmented. – Murmansk, 2002. – 32 p.
3. DIY paper _ Country of Masters.mht
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Research project Making paper at home by hand
Head: Olga Anatolyevna Akbasheva Performer: Dmitry Erofeev, 9 years old, 3rd grade student of MOBU secondary school with. White Lake
Paper in my life I am in school in the 3rd grade and I am surrounded everywhere by objects made of paper: books, textbooks, notebooks, notepads, albums, colored paper, cardboard and other objects. And recently I watched a TV show that talked about paper and how it is made. I wanted to know more about this.
Research hypothesis: if you study the history and methods of creating paper, then paper can be made and used at home in everyday conditions.
Is it possible to make paper at home for further use? Research problem:
and learn ways to create and use paper in modern conditions. Purpose of the study:
paper Object of study:
ways to create and use paper. Subject of study:
Analyze available literature about paper, find and study the history of paper creation Collect required material for practical methodology Learn methods of making paper at home Make paper at home Tasks:
Necessary equipment: Basin or bucket Sheets of used paper Blender Water A piece of mesh with small holes Wet paper or newspaper A tray with small holes Pieces of fabric Dried mint Glycerin Gouache Dried flowers Starch Making paper at home.
Tear the paper into small pieces and soak in water for 24 hours Making paper at home
Squeeze out excess water, transfer to a bowl, add a little water, PVA glue, starch or other fillers, beat. Making paper at home
Place the resulting mixture on a mesh and allow excess water to drain. Making paper at home
Place everything on a towel, put a towel or newspaper on top and leave under pressure for 24 hours Making paper at home
The result is cellulose Making paper at home
To decorate the paper pulp, you can add dry herbs, seasonings, you can add multi-colored threads, “skeletons” of leaves, flower petals, shells and beads. Making paper at home
You can dry the paper pulp not on the screen, but on a cup or glass, and then you will get a decorative vase or bowl, pencil holder, or doll hat.
1. Paper can be prepared at home. Making handmade paper is very interesting and creative process. And not at all difficult. And what an amazing result: exclusive paper of your own design! 2. It is advantageous to use household paper because... it is made from waste paper and does not require any money. 3. It is best to use this type of paper for design. 4. In addition, homemade paper is more environmentally friendly. Conclusion:
1 . “Novaya Gazeta” No. 49 (492), 2005 2. Khoreva G. A. “Your alternative to nuclear power plants” Book 2 / Family energy passport / Ed. 2nd, revised and augmented. – Murmansk, 2002. – 32 p. 3. Do-it-yourself paper _ Country of Masters.mht Sources used
Paper occupies an exceptional place in people's lives. She had many predecessors. At first, a person wrote on whatever came into his hands: on stones, leaves, pieces of bark, bones, clay tablets. The desired image was scratched onto them using a sharp bone or piece of stone. It was durable but uncomfortable. Therefore, in different parts of the world they began to look for more convenient material for writing.
And this is what they came up with Ancient Egypt. Along the banks of the Nile, in swampy places, a strange-looking plant called papyrus grew. It was from this that the ancient Egyptians learned to make their writing material. This material was called papyrus. For all its good qualities, papyrus was still fragile, and it was not easy to make. And despite this, it was used for a very long time. Papyrus Tex on papyrus
Along with papyrus, material made from the skins of young animals - calves, goats, sheep, rabbits - became widespread in the ancient world. It was named parchment, after the name of the place where it was invented. In the ancient city of Pergamum in Asia Minor. The method of making parchment was quite complicated. The skins produced white, extremely thin durable material– parchment. You could write on it on both sides. Parchment Skin Stretch
Parchment was more expensive than papyrus, but more versatile and durable. In the beginning, scrolls were made from parchment, like papyrus. However, they soon noticed that, unlike papyrus, it can be easily written on both sides. Parchment books became similar to modern ones. The popularity of parchment was facilitated by the fact that on it (unlike papyrus) it is possible to wash off text written with water-soluble ink and apply a new one.
The time of the invention of paper is not precisely established. It is believed that it appeared in China in the 2nd century AD. and gradually penetrated into the West. The raw materials for paper in China were reed, oak and other woody plants. For many centuries, the Chinese kept the secret of making paper. Anyone guilty of revealing the secret was threatened with the death penalty.
In 751, in a battle near Samarkand between the Arabs and the Chinese, several paper craftsmen were captured by the Arabs. Thanks to this, the East learned the secret of paper. From the Arabs the secret spread among the European peoples. Around the 10th century, the presence of paper mills could be observed in many European countries. The paper making process requires large quantity water, so paper mills sought to build as close to the water as possible, and more often - right on the river. Such places became known as “paper mills.”
Gradually, paper production improved. The merit of the Italians is especially great for this. On the territory of Russia, paper appeared only in the middle of the 16th century. It was then that Batu Khan, who had captured Russian lands at that time, conducted a population census and introduced the Russian people to the “Chinese miracle” of paper. And the rise of the Russian paper business occurred during the reign of Peter the Great. And it was then, or rather, in 1703, that the world’s first Russian newspaper was published.
Paper production is being improved thanks to the invention of various machines that produce paper. The most significant was the machine, which made it possible to make very thin and long sheets. It was invented in 1798 in France. And at the end of the 19th century, the paper machine reached its perfection and became fully automatic.
Already by the 20th century, paper production was a large-scale and mechanized production with a variety of products. Today, this production has been further improved and has an even greater variety of products. And absolutely everyone on the planet can use this product.
